The directory.

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist originally developed for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic) and later approved for weight management (Wegovy).

Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly.

Liraglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk, FDA-approved as Victoza for type 2 diabetes (2010) and Saxenda for weight management (2014).

Melanotan II is a synthetic analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that stimulates melanogenesis (skin tanning) and has secondary effects on sexual arousal and appetite suppression.

BPC-157 is a pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids) derived from human gastric juice.

CJC-1295 is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that stimulates the pituitary to produce and release growth hormone.

Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH).

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women.

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid peptide found in nearly all human tissues.

Semax is a synthetic peptide derived from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment 4-10, developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow.

Sermorelin is the shortest fully functional fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), consisting of the first 29 amino acids.

MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is a non-peptide, orally active ghrelin mimetic and growth hormone secretagogue.

Leuprolide (leuprorelin) is a synthetic GnRH agonist nonapeptide approved by the FDA under the brand name Lupron for advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and central precocious puberty.

Selank is a synthetic peptide developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Cerebrolysin is a mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids derived from porcine brain tissue through controlled enzymatic proteolysis.

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine.

Oxytocin is a 9-amino acid endogenous neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.

Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide analogue of the natural hormone somatostatin, FDA-approved for the treatment of acromegaly, carcinoid tumor-related diarrhea, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas).

Tesamorelin is a synthetic GHRH analog that is FDA-approved (as Egrifta) for the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy (excess abdominal fat).

GHRP-6 is the original and most well-characterized growth hormone releasing peptide, a synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the ghrelin receptor.

Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) is a synthetic hexapeptide used topically to reduce the appearance of expression lines and wrinkles.

Teriparatide is a recombinant form of the first 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-34) and the first anabolic osteoporosis treatment approved by the FDA.

Bortezomib (Velcade) is an FDA-approved first-in-class dipeptide boronic acid proteasome inhibitor used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide first isolated from rabbit brain in 1977.

GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist and potent growth hormone secretagogue.

Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4) is a cosmetic signal peptide consisting of five amino acids (Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser) conjugated to a palmitoyl chain for enhanced skin penetration.

Collagen Type I is the most abundant protein in the human body and the predominant structural collagen in skin, bone, tendon, ligament, and cornea.

AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 177-191) that was developed to isolate the fat-loss effects of GH without the growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects.

Cetrorelix is a synthetic decapeptide and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist approved by the FDA under the brand name Cetrotide.

Calcitonin (Miacalcin) is an FDA-approved 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and hypercalcemia.

Glutathione (GSH) is the body's most abundant endogenous antioxidant tripeptide, composed of glycine, cysteine, and glutamate.

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells and is the principal counterregulatory hormone to insulin.

Lanreotide (brand: Somatuline) is an FDA-approved synthetic octapeptide analog of somatostatin indicated for acromegaly, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and carcinoid syndrome.

Hexarelin is one of the most potent synthetic growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs), producing the strongest GH release of any GHRP.

Bivalirudin is a 20-amino acid synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) derived from hirudin, the natural anticoagulant found in medicinal leech saliva.

Carfilzomib (Kyprolis) is an FDA-approved second-generation tetrapeptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) based on the natural peptide epithalamin, which is produced by the pineal gland.

Ganirelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist used in assisted reproductive technology to prevent premature LH surges and unintended ovulation during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF.

Vasopressin (Vasostrict) is an FDA-approved synthetic form of the endogenous nonapeptide antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by the hypothalamus.

KPV is a naturally occurring tripeptide derived from the C-terminal end of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH).

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue and now produced synthetically.

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate is a modified analog of Semax, itself derived from the ACTH(4-7) fragment.

Cortexin is a polypeptide preparation extracted from the cerebral cortex of cattle, developed in part by the Khavinson research group and registered as a pharmaceutical drug in Russia since 1999.

Eptifibatide (Integrilin) is an FDA-approved cyclic heptapeptide antiplatelet agent derived from a disintegrin protein found in the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake.

Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide (beta-alanine + L-histidine) found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle and brain tissue — long-lived, high-energy-demand tissues.

Polymyxin B is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa, used as a last-resort treatment for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections.

Nafarelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist decapeptide administered as a nasal spray, approved by the FDA under the brand name Synarel.

Dihexa is an oligopeptide derived from angiotensin IV that was developed at Washington State University by Joseph Harding and colleagues.

Abaloparatide is a 34-amino acid synthetic analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) approved by the FDA under the brand name Tymlos for treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men at high fracture risk.

Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) is an FDA-approved 36 amino acid synthetic peptide that was the first HIV fusion inhibitor and the first of an entirely new class of antiretroviral drugs.

LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino-acid peptide cleaved from the precursor protein hCAP-18.

Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 (Pal-GHK) is a lipopeptide consisting of the tripeptide sequence Gly-His-Lys conjugated to a palmitic acid chain.

Terlipressin is a synthetic vasopressin analogue and the first FDA-approved medication (approved September 2022) for hepatorenal syndrome with rapid reduction of kidney function (HRS-AKI).

Buserelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist peptide widely approved in Europe, Canada, and other regions under brand names including Suprefact and Suprecur for prostate cancer, endometriosis, and female infertility.

Romidepsin (Istodax) is an FDA-approved bicyclic depsipeptide histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).

Collagen Type II is the primary structural protein of articular cartilage, constituting the major fibrillar component of the cartilaginous ECM.

Pasireotide (brand: Signifor) is an FDA-approved cyclic hexapeptide somatostatin analog with a unique multi-receptor binding profile.

Histrelin is a potent synthetic GnRH agonist nonapeptide delivered via a subcutaneous hydrogel implant providing continuous hormone release for 12 months.

Nesiritide (Natrecor) is an FDA-approved recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP-32) structurally identical to the endogenous cardiac hormone.

MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 12S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA.

Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR, also known as Rigin) is a lipopeptide derived from immunoglobulin G, consisting of the tetrapeptide sequence Gly-Gln-Pro-Arg conjugated to palmitic acid.

Gramicidin (gramicidin D) is a mixture of linear 15-amino acid antimicrobial peptides produced by Bacillus brevis, comprising gramicidin A (~80%), B (~5%), and C (~15%).

Thymalin is a thymic peptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson (the same researcher behind Epithalon) from bovine thymus extracts.

Collagen Type III is the second most abundant collagen in the body, found predominantly in skin, blood vessel walls, internal organs, and muscles.

Kisspeptin-10 is the shortest bioactive fragment of kisspeptin, a neuropeptide that plays a central role in the initiation of puberty and regulation of the reproductive axis.

Secretin is a 27-amino acid gastrointestinal hormone produced by S-cells of the duodenum in response to acidic chyme.

Angiotensin II is an endogenous octapeptide and the primary effector of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that specifically concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Retatrutide (LY3437943) is Eli Lilly's investigational triple hormone receptor agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors simultaneously.

Collagen peptides are short-chain amino acid sequences derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of native collagen (types I, II, and III).

Exenatide is a synthetic version of exendin-4, a naturally occurring peptide found in the venom of the Gila monster lizard.

Dulaglutide is a once-weekly injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly and FDA-approved in 2014.

VK2735 is a novel synthetic dual agonist of the GLP-1 and GIP receptors developed by Viking Therapeutics for treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.

Lixisenatide is a once-daily short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from exendin-4, modified at the C-terminus with deletion of one proline and addition of six lysine residues.

Pramlintide (brand: Symlin) is a synthetic analog of human amylin, a hormone co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic beta cells.

Mod GRF 1-29 (Modified Growth Hormone Releasing Factor 1-29) is a stabilized synthetic analog of endogenous GHRH with four amino acid substitutions that resist enzymatic degradation.

IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1) is a 83-amino acid recombinant analog of native IGF-1, engineered with a 13-amino acid N-terminal extension and an arginine substitution at position 3.

Thymosin Beta-4 is a 43-amino acid endogenous protein ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, encoded by the TMSB4X gene.

Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk, designed for once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid endogenous neuropeptide found throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and gut.

FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic D-amino acid retro-inverso peptide designed to selectively eliminate senescent cells — aged, dysfunctional cells that accumulate with age and drive chronic inflammation.

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino acid endogenous gut hormone released from L-cells of the distal intestine in proportion to caloric intake.

Humanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the mitochondrial genome.

Follistatin-344 is the 344-amino acid isoform of follistatin, a naturally occurring glycoprotein that potently inhibits myostatin and activin A — two TGF-β superfamily members that limit muscle growth.

Gonadorelin is a synthetic decapeptide identical in structure to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), produced naturally by the hypothalamus.

Survodutide (BI 456906) is a dual glucagon receptor (GCGR) and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma.

Orforglipron (LY3502970) is an oral, once-daily, non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly (originally discovered by Chugai Pharmaceutical).

Mazdutide (IBI362, LY3305677) is a once-weekly dual GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor agonist developed by Innovent Biologics in partnership with Eli Lilly, modeled on mammalian oxyntomodulin.

MGF (Mechano Growth Factor), also designated IGF-1Ec, is a splice variant of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) produced locally in muscle tissue in response to mechanical loading and injury.

Pinealon is a short synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St.

Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson as a brain cortex bioregulator.

PEG-MGF (PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor) is a synthetic, polyethylene glycol-modified form of MGF, which is itself a splice variant of IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) released in response to mechanical stress on muscle tissue.

CagriSema is a fixed-dose co-formulation combining cagrilintide (a long-acting amylin analogue) and semaglutide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist), both at 2.

Aviptadil (RLF-100) is a synthetic form of human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid neuropeptide naturally produced throughout the lungs, gut, and nervous system.

Leuphasyl is a synthetic pentapeptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu) developed by Lipotec as a cosmeceutical anti-wrinkle active.

Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 is a lipopeptide composed of the tripeptide Lys-Val-Lys (KVK) conjugated to palmitic acid, marketed under the trade name SYN-COLL.

PTD-DBM is a synthetic 25-amino-acid research peptide developed by Professor Kang-Yell Choi's lab at Yonsei University.

Zinc Thymulin is a metallopeptide consisting of the nonapeptide thymulin (pyrGlu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn) complexed with a single zinc ion, which is required for its biological activity.

Epitide, commercially known as MATRIXYL synthe'6 (Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38), is a matrikine-mimetic lipopeptide developed by Sederma.

N-Acetyl Semax is an acetylated derivative of Semax, a synthetic heptapeptide analogue of the ACTH(4-10) fragment developed in Russia.

Noopept (INN: Omberacetam) is a synthetic dipeptide derivative developed in Russia by the Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology.

IGF-1 DES (Des(1-3)IGF-1) is a naturally occurring truncated form of insulin-like growth factor-1 in which the first three N-terminal amino acids (Gly-Pro-Glu) have been removed.

Ziconotide (brand name: Prialt) is a synthetic 25-amino acid peptide derived from the omega-conotoxin MVIIA found in the venom of the predatory marine cone snail Conus magus.

Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic analogue of the endogenous posterior pituitary hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), modified at two positions: deamination of the N-terminal cysteine (1-desamino) and substitution of L-arginine with D-arginine at position 8.

Vilon is a synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu, KE) bioregulator developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St.

Ovagen is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Leu, EDL) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson targeting the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

Chonluten is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Gly, EDG) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St.

Testagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, KEDG) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson, targeting testicular tissue and the male reproductive axis.

Retinalamin is a polypeptide preparation isolated from bovine retinal tissue, developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson and registered as a pharmaceutical drug in Russia for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases.

Thymus Extract (Thymostimulin) is a partially purified preparation of thymic polypeptides derived from calf thymus tissue, first developed in Italy in 1976.

Alarelin is a synthetic nine-amino-acid GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonist developed and approved in China for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38 is a matrikine-mimetic signal peptide derived from tripeptide KMK found naturally in collagen VI and laminin.

SNAP-8 is an eight-amino-acid synthetic peptide and extended derivative of Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-3).

SYN-AKE is a patented synthetic tripeptide that mimics the paralytic action of Waglerin-1, a peptide component of the venom of the Temple Pit Viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri).

Heptapeptide-7 is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide fragment derived from HB-107, a wound-healing peptide with EGF-like (epidermal growth factor) activity.

Angiotensin 1-7 is an endogenous heptapeptide produced from angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

Adamax is a synthetic neuropeptide combining the N-acetyl Semax backbone with an adamantyl modification derived from P21, another BDNF-potentiating nootropic.

Palmitoyl Oligopeptide is a generic class of short collagen-fragment peptides conjugated to palmitic acid to enhance skin penetration and stability.

GHK (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is a naturally occurring human tripeptide found in plasma, saliva, and urine.

Thymulin is a zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone secreted by thymic epithelial cells, first characterized by Bach et al.

GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide) is a 42-amino acid incretin hormone secreted by enteroendocrine K-cells in the duodenum and jejunum in response to dietary fat and carbohydrates.

Amylin (IAPP) is a 37-amino acid peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells in approximately a 100:1 ratio (insulin:amylin).

Substance P is an 11-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, with the sequence Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2.

Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide (Tβ4-SO) is the oxidized form of thymosin beta-4, generated by the addition of an oxygen atom to the methionine-6 residue.

Follistatin-315 is the primary circulating isoform of follistatin, a glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes members of the TGF-β superfamily, most notably myostatin (GDF-8) and activin A.

PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide) is a highly conserved neuropeptide belonging to the VIP/secretin/glucagon superfamily.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian central nervous system.

Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid acylated peptide hormone primarily secreted by oxyntic cells in the gastric fundus.

CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide produced by alternative splicing of the calcitonin gene.

Alpha-MSH (α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone) is an endogenous tridecapeptide derived from POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin).

Motilin is a 22-amino acid gastrointestinal hormone secreted by Mo/M cells of the upper small intestine during the fasting state.

Nesfatin-1 is an 82-amino acid satiety peptide derived from the N-terminal region of the 396-amino acid precursor protein nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2).

Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide encoded by the same preproghrelin gene that produces ghrelin, discovered in 2005.

Galanin is a 29-amino acid neuropeptide (30 AA in humans) widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system and GI tract.

Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ) is a 17-amino acid neuropeptide and the endogenous ligand for the NOP receptor (ORL-1, opioid receptor-like 1).

Cortistatin is a neuropeptide belonging to the somatostatin family, existing in three biologically active isoforms: CST-14, CST-17, and CST-29.

Dermorphin is a heptapeptide (7 amino acids) isolated from the skin of Phyllomedusa South American tree frogs.

Kyotorphin (Tyr-Arg) is an endogenous analgesic dipeptide isolated from bovine brain in 1979.

Deltorphin is a family of heptapeptides isolated from the skin of South American Phyllomedusa frogs.

Bradykinin is an endogenous nonapeptide generated from kininogens by the enzyme kallikrein.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino acid peptide produced primarily by vascular endothelial cells and is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor known.

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a neurotrophic growth factor and member of the neurotrophin family, which includes NGF, BDNF, and NT-4.

Semax 4-7 is the core tetrapeptide sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe, corresponding to ACTH amino acids 4–7.

MIF-1 (Melanocyte Inhibiting Factor 1), also designated Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 or PLG, is a cyclic tripeptide endogenously derived from oxytocin.

Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12 (also marketed as Biopeptide EL) is a lipid-conjugated hexapeptide used in cosmetic formulations.

Collagen dipeptides, principally Pro-Hyp (Prolyl-Hydroxyproline) and Hyp-Gly (Hydroxyproline-Glycine), are the primary bioavailable fragments generated during digestion of hydrolyzed collagen supplements.

Thymopoietin is a 49-amino acid thymic hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells, existing as isoforms (Thymopoietin I, II, and III).

Thymopentin (TP-5) is a synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to residues 32–36 (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) of the thymic hormone Thymopoietin.

GHRH is the endogenous 44-amino acid hypothalamic peptide that drives pulsatile growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary.

Somatostatin is an endogenous cyclic peptide existing in 14-amino acid (SST-14) and 28-amino acid (SST-28) isoforms.

RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) is the prototype integrin-binding tetrapeptide sequence derived from fibronectin.

Fibronectin peptides are bioactive fragments derived from the large extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibronectin, primarily containing the RGD cell-adhesion motif and the synergy sequence PHSRN.

Defensins are a family of small (2–5 kDa) cationic antimicrobial peptides with a β-sheet core stabilized by three intramolecular disulfide bonds.

Cathelicidins are a family of endogenous antimicrobial peptides characterized by a conserved N-terminal cathelin domain and a variable C-terminal antimicrobial peptide.

Magainin is a family of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides isolated from the skin of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, first characterized by Michael Zasloff in 1987.

Cecropins are a family of linear antimicrobial peptides originally isolated from the hemolymph of the silk moth Hyalophora cecropia.